When light enters your eyes it hits the cells in your retina and changes a chemical in them. that chemical change sends a nerve impulse to your brain and you ‘see’.
If you put too much light in your eyes you use up all of the chemical in your retina so no more nerve pulses can be sent to your brain, you get spots of darkness. (Sometimes those spots look like a photo negative because sometimes you perceive colours as the absence of other colours.)
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